上海市血友病人HIV感染者接受抗病毒治疗毒副反应统计表

附表一

经美国食品药品管理局（FDA）批准的四大类二十四种

抗逆转录病毒（ARV）药物（截止2004年12月）

Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

Drug	Adult Dosing		Possible Side Effects	Notes
Combivir® (AZT + 3TC), by GlaxoSmithKline		One tablet (contains 300mg AZT + 150mg 3TC), twice a day (a total of 2 pills a day)	Nausea; loss of appetite; headache; fatigue; stomach discomfort More rarely: Muscle wasting; anemia (low red blood cell count); neutropenia (low white blood cell count) See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food, however taking it with food may minimize stomach upset.
Emtriva® (emtricitabine), by Gilead Sciences		One 200mg capsule once a day.	Headache, diarrhea; nausea; rash See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food.
Epivir® (3TC), by GlaxoSmithKline		One 300mg tablet, once a day, or one 150mg tablet, twice a day* (a total of 1 or 2 pills a day)	Nausea See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food. Epivir is also used to treat patients infected with the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), but at a different dose. If you are dually infected with HIV and HBV, the dosage indicated for HIV therapy should be used.
Epzicom™ (abacavir + 3TC), by GlaxoSmithKline		One tablet (contains 600mg abacavir + 300mg 3TC), once a day	Similar side effects to Epivir (3TC) and Ziagen (abacavir). Please note Ziagen's serious allergic reactions. See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food.
Retrovir® (AZT), by GlaxoSmithKline		One 300mg tablet, twice a day* (a total of 2 pills a day)	Nausea; stomach discomfort; headache; insomnia More rarely: Muscle wasting; anemia (low red blood cell count); neutropenia (low white blood cell count) See long-term side effects below.	Taking with food may minimize stomach discomfort.
Trizivir® (AZT + 3TC + abacavir), by GlaxoSmithKline		One tablet (contains 300mg AZT + 150mg 3TC + 300mg abacavir), twice a day (a total of 2 pills a day)	Similar side effects to Retrovir (AZT), Epivir (3TC), and Ziagen (abacavir). Please note Ziagen's serious allergic reactions. See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food. Do not take Trizivir if you weigh less than 90 pounds (40 kg).
Truvada® (Viread + Emtriva), by Gilead Sciences		One tablet (contains 300mg Viread + 200mg Emtriva), once a day	Similar side effects to Viread (tenofovir) and Emtriva (emtricitabine). See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food.
Videx® (ddI): buffered versions, by Bristol-Myers Squibb		Two 100mg tablets twice a day* (a total of 4 pills a day), or two 200mg tablets, once a day (a total of 2 pills a day). For patients weighing less than 133 lbs. (60 kg), click here.	Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands or feet (peripheral neuropathy, seen in 15% of patients); nausea; diarrhea; vomiting; headache; rash More rarely: Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) Possible increased side effects if taken with tenofovir (Viread). See long-term side effects below.	Clinical data supports twice-daily dosing as more effective. Take on an empty stomach (at least 2 hours after & 30 minutes before a meal). Okay to take at the same time as all NRTIs. The buffered versions of Videx should not be taken at the same time as any of the protease inhibitors (PIs); PIs should be taken two hours before or two hours after Videx. The NNRTIs Viramune and Sustiva can be taken at the same time as Videx; the NNRTI Rescriptor should be taken at least one hour before or one hour after Videx. Avoid alcohol.
Videx® EC (ddI): delayed-release capsules, by Bristol-Myers Squibb		One 400mg capsule once a day. For patients weighing less than 133 lbs. (60 kg), the dose is one 250mg capsule once a day.	Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands or feet (peripheral neuropathy, seen in 15% of patients); nausea; diarrhea; vomiting; headache; rash More rarely: Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) Possible increased side effects if taken with tenofovir (Viread). See long-term side effects below.	Take Videx EC on an empty stomach (2 hours after & 1 hour before a meal). Can be taken at the same time as all other anti-HIV medications, with the exception of the protease inhibitor Aptivus; Videx EC should be taken at least two hours after or two hours before Aptivus. Avoid alcohol.
Viread® (tenofovir DF), by Gilead Sciences		One 300mg tablet once a day.	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and flatulence (intestinal gas). More rarely: osteopenia (thinning bones) See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food. If taken with ddI (Videx or Videx EC), it can increase ddI levels in the blood by as much as 60%, causing increased ddI side effects.
Zerit® (d4T), by Bristol-Myers Squibb		One 40mg capsule, every 12 hourss (a total of 2 pills a day). For patients weighing less than 133 lbs. (60 kg), click here.	Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands or feet (peripheral neuropathy, seen in 20% of patients); nausea; diarrhea; vomiting; headache; rash More rarely: Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), or Lactic Acidosis (an increase of lactic acid in the blood), either or which can be fatal. See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food. Do not take with Retrovir (AZT) or Combivir (AZT+3TC).
Ziagen® (abacavir), by GlaxoSmithKline		One 300mg tablet, twice a day* (a total of 2 pills a day)	Nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; loss of appetite; insomnia Serious allergic reactions have been reported in about 8% of patients, with one death. The signs and symptoms of this reaction include fever, malaise, severe nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, and rash. If allergic reaction is diagnosed, therapy should be discontinued and NOT restarted. Symptoms of allergic reactions usually appear within six weeks of starting therapy and resolve within 24-48 hours of stopping the drug. A rash without other signs of allergic reaction has also been reported in about 7% of patients. These rashes can usually be managed without stopping therapy. See long-term side effects below.	Take with or without food.
Long-term side effects of NRTIs: NRTIs have been associated with damage to the mitochondria (the cell parts that provide energy to the cell). This damage may cause low red and white blood cell counts, muscle pain and wasting (particularly in the arms and legs), fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, and more rarely, serious liver (lactic acidosis) or pancreas problems. NRTIs have also been associated with changes in the way the body stores fat (including development of fat deposits in the abdomen and on the back of the shoulders as well as loss of fat in the arms, legs and face) – see our lesson on Lipodystrophy.

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Drug	Adult Dosing		Possible Side Effects	Notes
Rescriptor® (delavirdine), by Pfizer		Two 200mg tablets, three times a day (a total of 6 pills a day)	Rash; headache; fatigue; stomach upset; elevated liver enzymes	Take with or without food. Rescriptor can increase the blood levels of all of the available protease inhibitors. In turn, the dose of the protease inhibitor being used may need to be decreased. You should not take buffered Videx® (ddI) tablets – or anything containing an antacid – within one hour of a dose of Rescriptor. Both antacids and Videx tablets (which contain an antacid) can block Rescriptor from being absorbed into the bloodstream.
Sustiva® (efavirenz), by Bristol-Myers Squibb		One 600mg tablet once a day (just 1 pill a day)	Rash; drowsiness; insomnia; confusion; inability to concentrate; dizziness; vivid dreams; nausea; stomach discomfort; fever; insomnia; elevated liver enzymes. See Tips & Tricks on Taking Sustiva.	It is recommended that Sustiva be taken on an empty stomach. Dose should be taken at bedtime to minimize dizziness, drowsiness and impaired concentration. If Sustiva is taken with the protease inhibitors Reyataz, Invirase, Fortovase, Kaletra, Crixivan, Agenerase, or Lexiva, their doses may need to be increased or they may need to be combined with a low dose of Norvir (e.g., 100 mg) to help maintain necessary drug levels in the bloodstream.
Viramune® (nevirapine), by Boehringer Ingelheim		One 200mg tablet per day for 14 days, then one 200mg tablet, twice a day* (a total of 2 pills a day)	Rash; stomach upset; headaches; increased liver enzyme levels More rarely: hepatitis	Take with or without food. Once daily dosing recommendation based on limited clinical data. If Viramune is taken with the protease inhibitors Reyataz, Invirase, Fortovase, Kaletra, Crixivan, Agenerase, or Lexiva, their doses may need to be increased or they may need to be combined with a low dose of Norvir (e.g., 100 mg) to help maintain necessary drug levels in the bloodstream.

Entry Inhibitors (including Fusion Inhibitors)

Drug	Adult Dosing		Possible Side Effects	Notes
Fuzeon® (T-20), by Trimeris and Hoffmann-La Roche		Two 90mg (in 1-ml solution) subcutaneous (under the skin) injections a day.	Reactions on the skin where Fuzeon is injected can include itching, swelling, redness, pain or tenderness, hardened skin, or bumps. More rarely: serious allergic reactions	Fuzeon comes as a white powder that must be carefully mixed with in a vial with sterile water each day – a complicated process called "reconstitution".

资料来源：美国食品药品管理局（FDA）网站

目前国内现有的抗病毒药物（含已注册）三类十二种

（截止2005年2月）