性教育的政治 The Politics of Sex Education （网站地址：http://www.kff.org） 前言（中英文对照） 1．新闻发布会时间表（1999年12月14日，中英文对照） 学校“只是说不吗？” Are Schools "Just Saying No?" 唯禁欲是性教育的趋势吗？ Is Abstinence-Only the Trend in Sex Education? 以及，谁影响了政策？ And, Who Influences Policy? 2．最新对学校校长的全国调查（New National Survey of Principals） （凯塞家庭基金会，1999年12月14日，中英文对照） 美国大多数中学采取更全面的性教育方式 MOST SECONDARY SCHOOLS TAKE A MORE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO SEX EDUCATION 唯禁欲课程（Abstinence-Only Curriculum）在社区引起的争论不大 Abstinence-Only Curriculum Stirs Limited Debate in Local Communities 3．美国公立学区（SCHOOL DISTRICTS）普遍支持禁欲（Abstinence），但是并不排斥避 孕信息 U.S. PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICTS OVERWHELMINGLY PROMOTE ABSTINENCE, BUT NOT TO THE EXCLUSION OF CONTRACEPTIVE INFORMATION （Alan Guttmacher研究所，1999年12月14日，中英文对照） 依然，三分之一的学区说，指令必须是“唯禁欲的”（Abstinence-Only）；这些学区禁止或 歪曲避孕信息 Still, One-Third Say Instruction Must Be "Abstinence-Only" and Prohibit or Distort Contraceptive Information 名词解释： ABSTINENCE：禁欲 ABSTINENCE-ONLY：唯禁欲，只能婚后有性生活 ABSTINENCE-PLUS：有利禁欲，提倡禁欲，但是不排斥避孕和安全性行为信息 4．禁欲成为美国中小学性教育重点（《侨报》1999年12月17日，中文） 5．Abstinence Is Focus of U.S. Sex Education（《纽约时报》1999年12月15日，英文） By JODI WILGOREN 性教育的政治 The Politics of Sex Education 唯禁欲性教育是否已经席卷全国？最近，联邦立法为各州提供经济鼓励，推动婚前禁欲的 信息。这次对禁欲的重视如何影响了性教育的政策和课程？凯塞（KAISER）家庭基金会 和Alan Guttmacher研究所新近完成的两项调查，为我们从公立学校校长和公立学区督察的 角度，来看待当今性教育政策和课程的情况。 This briefing focuses on whether abstinence-only sex education is sweeping the nation. Recently, federal legislation provided states with a financial incentive to promote abstinence-unless-married messages. How is this focus on abstinence affecting sex education policy and curricula? Two new national surveys by the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Alan Guttmacher Institute, provide insight into sex education policy and curricula, from the perspectives of public school district principals and superintendents. The briefing is part of the Emerging Issues in Reproductive Health series co-sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation and the National Press Foundation. (Package Code: 1560) 新闻发布会时间表 学校“只是说不吗？” Are Schools "Just Saying No?" 唯禁欲是性教育的趋势吗？ Is Abstinence-Only the Trend in Sex Education? 以及，谁影响了政策？ And, Who Influences Policy? 日期：Tuesday, December 14（1999年12月14日，星期二） 时间：9:30 am-11:30 am（上午9：30-11：30） 地点：National Press Club – First Amendment Room（全国新闻俱乐部） 529 14th Street NW, 13th Floor Washington, D.C. 9:30 am Registration（登记） 9:50 am Welcome/Introductions（欢迎和介绍） （2项新近对全国公立学校管理人员有关当今性教育的调查结果） 10:00 am New Research: Findings from Two New National Surveys of Public School Administrators about Sex Education Today Alan Guttmacher研究所公共政策副主任Cory L. Richards将回顾全国各地关于性教育立法、 性教育政策如何制定、并讨论一项对全国公立学区负责人就公立学区性教育政策和方式的 调查结果。 Cory L. Richards, Vice President for Public Policy, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, will provide an overview of sex education legislation across the nation and how sex education policy is set, and discuss the findings from a national survey of superintendents about school district policy and approaches to sex education. 凯塞家庭基金会公共健康信息部主任Tina Hoff将介绍一项对全国公立中学校长的调查结 果，涉及其学校就性教育开展辩论的情况和结果、以及谁影响了教育的内容。 Tina Hoff, Director of Public Health Information and Communications, Kaiser Family Foundation, will present the results from a national survey of public secondary school principals about the nature and outcome of debates over sex education in their schools, and who influences what gets taught. 政策和政治：关于性教育，主要的争论是什么？以及，争论改变课程了吗？ 10:30 am Policy & Politics: What are the Major Debates Over Sex Education? And, Are They Changing Curricula? (Moderator: Tina Hoff) 美国性知识和教育协会（SIECUS）教育主任Monica Rodriguez将综述联邦唯禁欲项目基金 在最初的2年中如何影响了性教育、以及讨论公众对性教育的意见。 Monica Rodriguez, Director of Education, Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), will give an overview of how the first two years of federal funding for abstinence-only programs has affected sex education as well as discuss public opinion on sex education. 自由频道（FreedomChannel.com）总裁Doug Bailey将介绍性教育的政治，这多大程度上是 地方和州选民的问题，以及在下一个总统选举中问题怎么被提出。 Doug Bailey, President & CEO, FreedomChannel.com, will talk about the politics of sex education, to what extent it is an issue for voters in local and state elections, as well as how it is being raised in the upcoming presidential election. 全国学校理事会学校健康主任Brenda Z. Greene将讨论州和联邦立法、地方政治、社区压 力和其它因素如何影响学校董事会关于性教育的决策。 Brenda Z. Greene, Director, School Health Programs, National School Boards Association, will discuss how state and federal legislation, local politics, community pressure, and other factors influence school boards' decisions about sex education. 提问和回答 11:00 a.m. Questions and Answers 与会者午饭 11:30 a.m. Lunch with participants 最新对学校校长的全国调查（New National Survey of Principals） 美国大多数中学采取更全面的性教育方式 MOST SECONDARY SCHOOLS TAKE A MORE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO SEX EDUCATION 新闻发布 1999年12月14日 如果要得到更多消息，请联系： Amy Weitz 电话：650 854-9400 传真：650 854-4800 地址：2400 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025，美国加州 名词解释： Abstinence-Only：唯禁欲，只能禁欲，只有婚后才可以有性生活 Abstinence：禁欲 唯禁欲课程（Abstinence-Only Curriculum）在社区引起的争论不大 Abstinence-Only Curriculum Stirs Limited Debate in Local Communities 美国加州门罗帕克（MENLO PARK）消息： 禁欲式性教育可能是一个热门的政治话题，但是却不是大多数学校的选择，以上论点 根据美国凯塞（KAISER）家庭基金会最新对全国公立中学校长的调查。研究发现，虽然 几乎所有性教育中包含禁欲（abstinence）的信息，但是绝大多数初中和高中目前采取更加 全面的方式，在性教育中也包含避孕和比较安全的性行为（safer sex，通常叫做安全性行为） 的信息，而不是把结婚前禁欲作为唯一的选择。 MENLO PARK, CA. -- Abstinence-only sex education may be a hot political topic, but it is not the choice of most schools, according to a new national survey of public secondary school principals by the Kaiser Family Foundation. While the study found messages about abstinence included in almost all sex education, it showed that most junior and senior high schools today take a more comprehensive approach, also including information about contraception and safer sex, rather than promoting abstinence until marriage as the only option. 大多数校长（58%）将其学校目前的性教育计划描述为综合性的，教育“年轻人应该 耐心等待，不要急于发生性行为，但是如果他们（她们）做不到，他们（她们）应该使用 计划生育和安全性行为措施。”三分之一（34%）的校长说，他们（她们）的学校提供的主 要信息是只能禁欲（abstinence-only），即是说“年轻人只有在结婚后才能发生性行为。”美 国南方的学校校长（42%）比这个国家其它地方的校长们（29%）更可能采纳唯禁欲式性 教育。三分之二的校长（66%）说，将禁欲作为唯一的选择还没有纳入其学校近年的议事 日程；而有三分之一（31%）的校长报告，学校曾经考虑过要么放弃、要么寻找其它方式 替代唯禁欲课程。 A majority of principals -- 58 percent -- describe their schools' sex education program today as comprehensive, teaching that "young people should wait to have sex but if they do not, they should use birth control and practice safer sex." A third (34%) say their schools' main message is abstinence-only, that is: "young people should only have sex when they are married." Principals of schools in the South are more likely than those elsewhere in the country to take an abstinence-only approach (42% in the South vs. 29% elsewhere). Two thirds of principals (66%) say teaching abstinence as the only option has not come up for discussion in their schools in recent years; a third (31%) reported having considered either instituting or dropping an abstinence-only curriculum. 凯塞家庭基金会公共健康信息和交流部主任Tina Hoff说，“虽然唯禁欲式性教育在各 州和全国引起了争论，但是这个问题在各个社区似乎要平静一些。” "Although abstinence-only sex education has been stirring debate at the state and national level, the issue appears more settled in local communities," said Tina Hoff, Director of Public Health Information and Communication, Kaiser Family Foundation. 那么，究竟什么是综合的性教育？还需要进一步解释。绝大多数公立中学（94%）把 禁欲讨论作为其性教育的一部分，绝大多数公立学校开展艾滋病教育（97%）和性传播疾 病教育（96%），不到一半的学校提供有关在哪里得到和如何使用计划生育（45%）和安全 套（39%）的信息。有多达一半的学校在其性教育课程中不涉及更加有争议的话题，比如 流产（48%的学校不讨论）和性倾向（50%的学校不讨论）。 How comprehensive sex education actually is, however, is open to interpretation. While the large majority of public secondary schools -- 94 percent -- discuss abstinence as part of their sex education, and most cover HIV (97%) and other sexually transmitted diseases (96%), fewer than half provide information about where to get and how to use birth control (45%) and condoms (39%). As many as one in two schools do not bring up more controversial topics, such as abortion (48%) and sexual orientation (50%), in their sex education programs. 讨论：没有很大变化 Talk … Not A Lot of Change 有一半（48%）的公立中学校长报告说，学校最近公开辩论过性教育的一些问题。这 些讨论的意见绝大多数被校长们描述为“平静”（39%是“很平静”，37%是“基本平静”）， 只有三分之一（34%）主张课程的改革。除了讨论是否要开展唯禁欲课程，在过去几年中， 全国各地的学校讨论的议题还有： Half (48%) of principals of public secondary schools report a recent public debate about some aspect of sex education. Most of these discussions were described by principals as "calm" (39% "very" and 37% "somewhat"), and just a third (34%) resulted in any change in curriculum. In addition to discussing whether or not to teach abstinence-only, among the other topics that came up in schools across the country "over the last couple of years at a PTA meeting, school board, or some other public gathering:" 性教育中对哪些议题进行教学？（26%的学校） What topics to teach in sex education (26%); 家长对学生接受性教育怎么提出意见？（26%的学校） How parents give permission for students to take sex education(26%); 是否要开展性教育？（17%） Whether or not to teach sex education at all (17%); and 性教育究竟应该是男女分开还是合在一起？（16%） Whether sex education should be single-sex or co-ed (16%). 谁来决定教些什么？ Who Determines What Gets Taught? 对性教育的影响来自众多不同的地方。大多数校长报告，学区和/或地方政府对性教育 课程有影响（57%报告说有“很大影响”，31%报告说“有些影响”）。许多公立中学也受州 政府的指导（27%说“很大”，43%说“有些”）。绝大多数校长（85%）说，他们（她们） 的学校被要求紧跟地方或州的关于性教育的指南，其中43%的校长说，监管是“严格的”。 Input on sex education comes from many different places. Most principals report that the school district and/or local government has influence on sex education curriculum (57% a "great deal" and 31% "some"). A number of public secondary schools also get direction from state government (27% "great deal" and 43% "some"). The large majority of principals (85%) say their school is required to follow local or state guidelines for sex education, including 43 percent who term the oversight "strict." 虽然大多数学校并不把唯禁欲方式作为性教育的方法，但是有三分之一的校长报告说， 推动婚前禁欲（abstinence-unless-married）教育的联邦基金对他们（她们）至少有过一些影 响；8%的校长报告说，根据1996年福利法案提供给社区和学校课程的基金，对其学校课 程有“很大影响”，另有23%的校长说“有些影响”。位于南方的学校似乎更可能感受到这 个基金的影响（42%的南方学校感受到“很大”和“有些”影响，而全国其它地区的学校 只有24%受到这种“很大”和“有些”的影响）。 Although most schools do not take an abstinence-only approach to sex education, a third of principals report having felt at least some effect as a result of federal funds for the promotion of abstinence-unless-married messages: eight percent reported that the funding provided under the 1996 welfare law for both community and school-based programs had a "great deal of influence" on their school's curriculum; another 23 percent say "some." Schools in the South were most likely to feel the effects of this funding (42% "great deal" and "some" vs. 24% elsewhere). 如果一个特定议题没有在性教育中被讲述，校长们通常会引用学校或学区的“政策”。 例如，校长们给出没有讲述“流产”和“性倾向”议题的主要理由是学校或学区的“政策” （分别是38%和39%），这和来自社区的实际或假想压力是紧密关联的（分别是25%和 24%）。 When a specific topic is not taught in sex education, principals often cite a school or district "policy." For example, the leading reason given by principals for not covering abortion and sexual orientation was a school or district "policy" (38% and 29%, respectively) followed closely by actual or perceived pressure from the community (25% and 24%). 虽然四分之三的学校（74%）运用学区提供的标准教材，但是在许多社区，教师和家 长也可以发挥作用，影响性教育的内容。校长们说，教师（57%“很”，31%“有些”）和 家长（23%“很”，45%“有些”）至少一定程度上参与了决定什么在学校中被讲述。校长 们说，教师和家长对其学校的性教育方式也是支持性的（69%的校长说教师“很支持”，28% “有些支持”；58%的校长说家长“很支持”，36%“有些支持”）。 While three out of four schools (74%) use standard materials provided by the school district, in many communities teachers and parents also play a role in shaping how sex education is taught. Most principals say teachers (57% "very" and 31% "somewhat") and parents (23% "very" and 45% "somewhat") are at least somewhat involved in determining what is taught at their school. Principals say both teachers and parents are also supportive of their school's approach to sex education (69% say teachers are "very supportive" and 28% "somewhat," and 58% say parents are "very supportive" and 36% "somewhat"). 虽然超过半数的校长（55%）说，用于性教育的时间是足够的，但是仍有42%的校长认为， 时间太少。只有3%的校长感到，用于这些问题的时间太多了。 Although more than half of principals (55%) say enough time is spent on sex education, 42 percent think it is too little. Just three percent feel that too much time is spent on these issues. 调查方法 Methodology 《凯塞家庭基金会全国公立中学校长调查》：“性教育的政治”是一项全国性的、对美 国313位公立中学校长进行的电话调查，包括初中和高中（核心是提供给7年级和12年级 的性教育课程）。抽取的调查样本是一个能够代表美国大陆公立中学校长的样本。学校样本 是从全国公立学校数据库中按比例分层次随机抽取的。 The Kaiser Family Foundation National Survey of Public Secondary School Principals: The Politics of Sex Education is a national telephone survey of 313 principals of public secondary schools in the U.S., including middle, junior high, and high schools (with focus on sex education curriculum offered in grades 7 through 12). The survey sample was drawn to produce a representative sample of public secondary school principals in the continental U.S. The sample of schools is a proportionate stratified random sample drawn from a national database of public schools. 调查是由基金会员工和“普林斯顿调查研究协会”（ Princeton Survey Research Associates，PSRA)设计，由“普林斯顿调查研究协会”于1999年3月13日到3 月15日通过电话完成的。对本研究的总体应答率是41%。抽样误差范围是总样本的上下6 个百分点，对一些分支问题的误差可能会高一些。 The survey was designed by staff at the Foundation and Princeton Survey Research Associates (PSRA), and conducted by telephone by PSRA between March 15 and May 13, 1999. The overall response rate for the study is 41 percent. The margin of sampling error is plus or minus 6 percent for the total sample, and may be higher for some of the sub-sets. 附录： 凯塞家庭基金会（The Kaiser Family Foundation）大本营在美国加州的门罗帕克（Menlo Park, California），是一个独立的全国性卫生保健慈善团体。 在随后几个月中，基金会将发布别的关于美国性教育的报告，反映全国各地学生、家 长和教师的观点。问卷和主要结果可以通过在线的凯塞家庭基金会（网址：www.kff.org） 获得。 华盛顿办公室：1450 G Street NW, Suite 250, Washington, DC 20005 电话：202 347-5270 传真：202 347-5274 标题： 美国公立学区（SCHOOL DISTRICTS）普遍支持禁欲（Abstinence），但是并不排斥避孕信 息 U.S. PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICTS OVERWHELMINGLY PROMOTE ABSTINENCE, BUT NOT TO THE EXCLUSION OF CONTRACEPTIVE INFORMATION Alan Guttmacher研究所 新闻发布 1999年12月14日 联系人：Susan Tew/Chris Kirchgaessner 电话：212-248-1111 电子信箱：mediaworks@agi-usa.org 名词解释： ABSTINENCE：禁欲 ABSTINENCE-ONLY：唯禁欲，只能婚后有性生活 ABSTINENCE-PLUS：有利禁欲，提倡禁欲，但是不排斥避孕和安全性行为信息 依然，三分之一的学区说，指令必须是“唯禁欲的”（Abstinence-Only）；这些学区禁止或 歪曲避孕信息 Still, One-Third Say Instruction Must Be "Abstinence-Only" and Prohibit or Distort Contraceptive Information 在十分之七制定了全区范围性教育政策的学区，绝大多数（86%）要求推动禁欲，既有把 禁欲作为好的方式向青少年推荐的（51%的学区有这种“有利禁欲”的政策），也有把禁欲 列为婚外和婚前唯一方式（35%的学区有这种“唯禁欲”政策），上述数据根据Alan Guttmacher研究所新近的一项调查。只有14%的学区制定了综合政策，在一个包容广泛的 教育计划中，强调禁欲是其中一种方式，目的是培养青少年成为性健康的成年人。在全国 几乎三分之二的学区政策中——包括那些综合政策和有利禁欲政策——讨论避孕的好处是 可以的。但是，在三分之一制定了唯禁欲政策的学区，关于避孕的信息要么被完全禁止， 要么被限定在讨论其不能有效保护人们发生计划外怀孕和性传播疾病。 Among the seven in 10 public school districts that have a district-wide policy to teach sexuality education, the vast majority (86%) require that abstinence be promoted, either as the preferred option for teenagers (51% have such an abstinence-plus policy) or as the only option outside of marriage (35% have such an abstinence-only policy), according to a new study by The Alan Guttmacher Institute. Just 14% have a comprehensive policy that addresses abstinence as one option in a broader educational program to prepare adolescents to become sexually healthy adults. In almost two-thirds of district policies across the nation—those with comprehensive and abstinence-plus policies—discussion about the benefits of contraception is permitted. However, in the one-third of districts with an abstinence-only policy, information about contraception is either prohibited entirely or limited to discussion of its ineffectiveness in protecting against unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. “当年轻人进入这三分之一的学校时，他们（她们）无法知道这些基本的却是重要的预防 计划外怀孕和性病的知识，这是极其不合理的。”该研究所公共政策副主任Cory L. Richards 评论道，“把禁欲作为婚姻以外唯一的方式来讲——一种不现实的方式，要么根本不讨论避 孕，要么只是讨论时强调其缺点——是十分令人担心的，特别是没有证据证明这种方式可 以推迟青少年‘性的参与’”。 "It is unconscionable for young people who attend schools in one-third of districts to be denied basic yet vital information for preventing unplanned pregnancy and STDs. This should be of deep concern to parents in this country," comments Cory L. Richards, vice president for public policy with the Institute. "Teaching abstinence as the only option outside of marriage—an unrealistic approach in which contraception may not be discussed at all or may only be discussed to highlight its shortcomings—is very troubling, particularly given the lack of evidence that this approach is effective in postponing teenagers' sexual involvement." 这项研究题为“关于公立学区性教育政策中的禁欲提倡和信息提供”，由David J. Landry， Lisa Kaeser和Cory L. Richards进行，发表在该研究所双月专业刊物《计划生育展望》1999 年11月/12月那一期上。就目前性教育政策强调提倡禁欲的程度，以及就这些政策对提供 避孕知识的影响程度，这项调查是第一次在全国范围对地方学区层面开展的评价。这项全 国范围有代表性的调查于1998年10月完成，调查了825名学区负责人（或其代表），分析 了目前全国各地（开展6年级及其以上年级教学的学区）的政策，以及这些政策如何随着 学区特征不同而不同。 The study, "Abstinence Promotion and the Provision of Information About Contraception in Public School District Sexuality Education Policies," by David J. Landry, Lisa Kaeser and Cory L. Richards, is published in the November/December 1999 issue of the Institute's bimonthly professional journal, Family Planning Perspectives. It presents findings from the first nationwide assessment at the local school district level of the extent to which sexuality education policy now focuses on abstinence promotion and whether these policies have affected the provision of contraceptive information. On the basis of a nationally representative survey of 825 school district superintendents (or their representatives) completed in October 1998, it examines existing policies across the country (in districts that teach grade six or higher) and how they vary by district characteristics. 这项研究在政府开始执行1996年全国福利改革法案通过的唯禁欲教育之前，研究分析了学 区督察（负责人）怎么看待影响其学区政策的最主要因素。督察们被要求在11个选项中选 出1个最重要的影响其学区目前性教育政策的因素。至少有四分之三的学区提到了下面3 个因素：政府指示、学校懂事特别委员会或工作组的建议、或者学校董事会的行动。总之， 无论各自的禁欲政策如何，几乎有一半的学区（48%）认为，政府指示是最有影响的因素。 The study, conducted before states began implementing any abstinence-only efforts stemming specifically from the 1996 national welfare reform legislation, also examines school superintendents' perceptions of the factors that most influenced their policies. The superintendents were asked to choose, from among 11 possibilities, the single most important factor that influenced their district's current sexuality education policy. One of three factors—state directives, recommendations of special school board advisory committees or task forces, or school board actions—was named by at least three-quarters of districts. Overall, regardless of their abstinence policy, almost one-half of the districts (48%) cited state directives as the most influential factor. 督察们同时被要求回答，各自社区对其学区目前性教育政策的支持情况。大约一半（53%） 的学区督察说社区对这个问题是“总体上沉默的”，41%说社区对其政策“非常支持”，5% 说社区内有着不同的意见，1%说“总体上反对的”。 Superintendents were also asked how supportive they thought their community is of their district's current sexuality education policy. About half (53%) said that the community is "generally silent" on the issue, 41% reported that their community "strongly supports" the policy, 5% said that the community is divided and fewer than 1% said that it is "generally opposed." 在那些知道其目前政策何时通过的督察们中，只有16%说政策在1990年前通过的。超过 半数（53%）说其政策是在1995年后通过，另有31%说政策是在1990年和1995年之间通 过的。督察们也被要求回答，其目前的政策是否是取代了以前的一个政策。在那些从一种 禁欲政策转变为另一种的学区中，绝大多数改变是朝向“有利禁欲”政策。采取“唯禁欲” 政策的学区数量没有任何净变化。 Among the superintendents surveyed who knew when their current policy was adopted, only 16% said that the policy predated 1990. Over half (53%) said that it was adopted after 1995, and another 31% said that it was adopted between 1990 and 1995. Superintendents were also asked whether their current policy had replaced a previous one. Among districts that switched from one abstinence policy category to another, most of the change was toward abstinence-plus policies. There was no net change in the number of districts with abstinence-only policies. 这项新的研究其它重要的发现如下： Other key findings of the new analysis include the following: 全美国超过三分之二（69%）的公立学区（覆盖86%的学生）有一个性教育的政策；将近 三分之一（31%）的学区（覆盖14%的学生）把有关性教育政策的制定交给学区内各别学 校或教师。 More than two-thirds (69%) of all U.S. public school districts (covering 86% of students) have a policy to teach sexuality education; almost one-third (31%) of districts (covering just 14% of students) leave policy decisions concerning sexuality education to individual schools within the district or to teachers. 在全美国所有有6年级及其以上年级的学区学校的学生中，9%是在综合性教育政策的学 区，45%是在有利禁欲政策的学区，32%是在唯禁欲政策的学区，14%是在没有任何政策的 学区。 Among all U.S. students attending school in a district that includes grade six or higher, 9% are in districts that have a comprehensive sexuality education policy, 45% in districts with an abstinence-plus policy, 32% in abstinence-only policy districts and 14% in districts that have no policy. 美国南方有性教育政策的学区超过半数（55%）制定了唯禁欲政策（比全国平均水平高20 个百分点），而美国东北部只有20%的学区制定这种政策（比全国平均水平低15个百分点）。 Over half (55%) of districts with a sexuality education policy in the South have an abstinence-only policy (20 percentage points higher than the national average), while only 20% of Northeast districts have such a policy (15 percentage points below the national average). “为了保持1990年以来美国青少年怀孕率下降的动力，我们必须确保学生们获得全面的和 准确的性教育，鼓励他们（她们）做出负责任的有关性的和生殖的决定。”研究所资深助理 研究员David J. Landry评论道，“提供准确的关于避孕的知识——同时，鼓励年轻人选择推 迟性交——应该继续是国家高度优先的政策。” "To maintain the momentum in declining U.S. teenage pregnancy rates since 1990, we must ensure that students receive complete and accurate sexuality education that supports responsible sexual and reproductive decision-making," comments David J. Landry, senior research associate with the Institute. "The provision of accurate information about contraception—while supporting the choice of young people to delay sexual intercourse —should continue to be a high national priority." ### Alan Guttmacher研究所（The Alan Guttmacher Institute）的网址：http://www.agi-usa.org Alan Guttmacher研究所是一个非赢利组织，侧重生殖健康研究、政策分析和公共教育，办 公室在纽约和华盛顿特区。 禁欲成为美国中小学性教育重点 http://www.sina.com.cn 1999年12月17日 02:37 侨报 本报讯:根据在周三公布的两个全国性的研究报告，全国中小学的性教育越来越集中於禁欲 方面，每三个学生中，就 有一个以上只将禁欲作为这一教育的唯一内容，在这种课上，所 允许讨论的是只有在禁欲失败时才可进行的避孕。 据《纽约时报》华盛顿12月14日报导，大多数学校敦促学生将性交推迟到婚後进行，但 他们如果不这样做，则应 使用控制生育的器具，并实行安全性行为的做法。 公立学校的校长中，有95％以上表示，在他们学校的性教育课上，讨论爱滋病和其他通过 性行为传播的疾病。不到 半数的学校提供在何处可获得控制生育器具（45％）或如何使用 避孕套（39％）的资讯。将堕胎或性取向作为性教育课程 内容的较少，前者为37％，後 者为36％。 凯塞基金会和艾伦-古特马契研究所一起从事这一研究，该基金会的霍夫表示：“禁欲，教 育孩子们在进行性活动方面要耐心等待，是今天大多数性教育计划的核心要素。但问题在 於，你作此教育的背景是什麽？” 这两个组织均提倡更多地讨论生育控制器具，并分发这种器具。 这一孪生子式的调查的范围是初中的校长及学区的学监，这是第一次作出努力，对性教育 中盛行的禁欲信息进行衡量 。 其中古特马契研究所对学监所作的调查显示，在过去十年里，大多数学区改变了它们的性 教育政策，有三分之一的学 区增加了禁欲的强调程度。这一情况反映了全国政治的移动倾 向，1996年，这一形势达到高潮，通过了一项立法，在五年 时间内，将近4.4亿元州和 联邦的资金用於只宣扬禁欲的计划，今年国会又在一个与此不相关的法案中，为这一计划 增加拨款5000万元。 共和党总统候选人、德州州长布什甚至要求给予这一计划更多的资助，他认为宣传禁欲的 联邦经费，增加到现在的避 孕教育的经费水平，亦即每年1.35亿元。 全国禁欲教育联盟发言人斯蒂芬表示：“十年前，对禁欲做法根本不会考虑，只会予以嘲笑。 现在，开放了许多大道 ，让孩子们得到这一信息，这可是好事。” December 15, 1999, Wednesday National Desk Abstinence Is Focus of U.S. Sex Education By JODI WILGOREN Sex education in the nation's schools is increasingly focused on abstinence, with more than 1 in 3 districts using an abstinence-only curriculum that permits discussion of contraception only in its failures, according to two national studies released today. A majority of schools urge students to delay intercourse until marriage but to use birth control and practice safe sex if they do not. More than 95 percent of public school principals say AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are discussed in their sex education classes. Fewer than half offer information on where to get birth control (45 percent) or how to use condoms (39 percent). A smaller number mention abortion (37 percent) or sexual orientation (36 percent) as part of the curriculum. ''Abstinence, teaching children to wait to have sex, is a core element of most sexuality education programs today,'' said Tina Hoff of the Kaiser Family Foundation, which conducted the research along with the Alan Guttmacher Institute. ''The question is, What context are you teaching it in?'' Both organizations advocate more discussion of birth control devices and distribution of them. The twin surveys, of secondary school principals and school district superintendents, are the first effort to measure the prevalence of the abstinence message in sex education. The Guttmacher poll, of superintendents, shows that most school districts have changed their sex education policies over the past decade, with a third increasing the emphasis on abstinence. This reflects a national political move that culminated in legislation in 1996 allocating nearly $440 million in state and federal money over five years for abstinence-only programs; Congress added $50 million in a separate bill this year. Gov. George W. Bush of Texas, the Republican presidential contender, has called for even more financing, suggesting that federal spending on an abstinence message equal the $135 million a year now supporting education on contraception. Gov. Jeb Bush of Florida, Mr. Bush's brother, recently set aside $10 million for abstinence education in his state. ''Ten years ago, abstinence wasn't even considered; it was laughed at,'' said Amy Stephens, a spokeswoman for the National Coalition for Abstinence Education, which is affiliated with Focus on the Family, an organization in Colorado Springs. ''A lot of avenues have opened up for kids to hear this message. That's a good thing.'' The Guttmacher survey found significant regional differences: in the South, 55 percent of school districts report abstinence-only policies, and only 5 percent offer comprehensive sexuality education; in the Northeast, only 20 percent of districts teach abstinence-only. Cory L. Richards, vice president for public policy at the Gutsex while a teenager, their teenager is going to have sex sometime. What is the impact of hundreds of thousands of kids across the country being taught that contraception doesn't work well?'' But Ms. Stephens, of the pro-abstinence forces, said ''it's unethical to not talk about failure'' in discussing contraception with students, and she denounced the Guttmacher institute as a tool of the birth-control and abortion industries. The institute began as the research arm of Planned Parenthood, and while the two groups have been separated for two decades, they share some board members and financing. Janet Parshall, a spokeswoman for the Family Research Council, which advocates abstinence, said sex education should resemble the ''Just Say No'' anti-drug education programs. ''The notion that the abstinence message can be effectively conveyed alongside the so-called safer-sex gospel is absurd,'' Ms. Parshall said. ''There are many holes in the condom enthusiasts' arguments, and it's time for them to be exposed.'' Research into the effectiveness of abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education programs in reducing teenage pregnancy and disease has had mixed results. Teenage pregnancy rates have declined since 1991, but the shift toward abstinence has, in many cases, been only in the last few years. Advocates of the abstinence view point to surveys showing that parents want their children to be taught to delay sex until marriage. Those advocating discussion of contraception and safer sex say parents want abstinence to be at the core of a broader curriculum. ''Parents and adults are prepared for a far more realistic policy than are members of Congress, who seem more concerned with posturing and simple solutions to complex issues,'' said James Wagoner, president of Advocates for Youth, a Washington group that supports the comprehensive approach, ''These aren't just numbers -- they're our sons and our daughters,'' Mr. Wagoner said. ''In too many school districts around the country, young people are being denied critical information about contraception that could protect their health and save their lives.'' Organizations mentioned in this article: Guttmacher, Alan, Institute; Kaiser Family Foundation Related Terms: Education and Schools; Sex; Children and Youth; Birth Control and Family Planning